Consumer Search on the Internet

This paper uses consumer search data to explain search frictions in online markets, within the context of an equilibrium search model. I use a novel dataset of consumer online browsing and purchasing behavior, which tracks all consumer search prior to each transaction. Using observed search intensities from the online book industry, I estimate search cost distributions that allow for asymmetric consumer sampling. Research on consumer search often assumes a symmetric sampling rule for analytical convenience despite its lack of realism. Search behavior in the online book industry is quite limited: in only 25 percen of the transactions did consumers visit more than one bookstore's website. The industry is characterized by a strong consumer preference for certain retailers. Accounting for unequal consumer sampling halves the search cost estimates from 1.8 to 0.9 dollars per search in the online book industry. Analysis of time spent online suggests substitution between the time consumers spend searching and the relative opportunity cost of their time. Retired people, those with lower education levels, and minorities (with the exception of Hispanics) spent significantly more time searching for a book online. There is a negative relationship between income levels and time spent searching.consumer search, internet, search costs

First international neuro rehabilitation & 3rd national rehabilitation conference (31st october to 2nd november, 2014)

The First International Neuro Rehabilitation & 3rd National Rehabilitation Conference was held at Isra Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Islamabad Campus Capital City of Pakistan from 31stOct to 2nd Nov, 2014

A Rate Dependent Anisotropic Damage Model for Metal Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperatures.

A rate dependent plastic and anisotropic damage model is developed for a metal matrix composite (MMC) system at elevated temperatures. The developed constitutive model will enable one to predict the inelastic response of the composite material at different loading rates at elevated temperatures. The formulation is thermodynamically based using the concept of internal state variables. Two sets of internal variables are introduced into the thermodynamic potential. One set characterizes the viscoplastic behavior of the ductile matrix and its effect on the overall inelastic response of the composite while the second set characterizes the damage for each constituent of the composite. The rate dependency of the initial yield stress and initial damage threshold are also discussed here and an analytical expression is presented to account for this effect on the inelastic and the damage response of the composite at elevated temperatures. The damage is introduced into the thermodynamic potential as a second order damage tensor from which the fourth order damage operator tensor is obtained using the concept of the effective stress and a suitable symmetrization method. Physical interpretation of the damage is presented using the kinematic description of the reduction in area due to the presence of micro-cracks and micro voids in the material. Computational aspects of both the rate independent and rate dependent models are established. The Newton Raphson itterative scheme is used for the overall laminate system. The main framework return mapping algorithm by Ortiz and Simo (1986) is used here for the correction of the elasto-plastic and viscoplastic states. However, for the case of the damage model these algorithms are redefined according to the governed damage constitutive relations. In order to test the validity of the model, a series of laminated systems (0)8s, (90)8s, (0/90)4s, (45/-45) 2s are investigated at both room and elevated temperatures of 538°C and 649°C. The results obtained from the special purpose developed computer program, DVP-CALSET (Damage and Viscoplastic Coupled Analysis of Laminate Systems at Elevated Temperatures), are then compared with the available experimental results and other existing theoretical material models